Come calcolare il numero di Hartmann (Ha) rapporto adimensionale magnetohydrodynamics MHD che misura il rapporto tra forze magnetiche (Lorentz) e forze viscose in un fluido elettricamente conduttore in presenza di campo magnetico esterno: Ha = B * L * sqrt(sigma / mu). B intensità campo magnetico Tesla; L lunghezza caratteristica m (diametro condotto, gap channel, scale plasma); sigma conducibilità elettrica del fluido S/m (mercurio 1.04e6 S/m a 20°C; rame liquido 6e6; acciaio fuso 7e5; PbLi liquido 7.5e5; sodio liquido 1e7; sangue 0.5; acqua mare 5; plasma fusione 1e4-1e6); mu viscosità dinamica Pa·s. Per plasma + ionizzati conducibilità anisotropa parallel/perpendicular field.

Classificazione regime: Ha<1 negligible flusso hydrodynamic standard senza effetti MHD; 1<Ha<10 weak MHD perturbazione piccola Hartmann layer spesso; 10<Ha<100 moderate Hartmann boundary layer significativo profile distortion; 100<Ha<1000 strong Hartmann flow profile flat M-shape (Hartmann profile classic); Ha>1000 very strong ideal MHD plug flow Hartmann layer sottile.

Hartmann layer thickness delta_H = L/Ha boundary layer dove forze viscose bilanciano forze magnetiche. Storia: Julius Hartmann (Danimarca 1881-1951) Universita Tecnica Copenhagen DTU + Forsogsanstalt for fysik kemi ingegnere fisico danese, 1937 paper Mathematisk-fysiske Meddelelser 15:6 'Theory of the laminar flow of an electrically conducting liquid in a homogeneous magnetic field' Royal Danish Academy Sciences pioneer MHD theory + experiments mercury flow in magnetic field; 1937 paper 'Hartmann number' eponym + Hartmann-Lazarus experiments + Hartmann sonification + acoustics; pioneer hammer mill + acoustics 1900s.

Italia ricerca + università MHD + plasma + fusione: RFX Reverse Field Experiment Padova 1984 200 employees fusion research consortium INFN-CNR-ENEA-Universita Padova + tokamak RFX-mod 130 kA + RFP Reverse Field Pinch + 1.5 m radius torus + ITPA Italian Plasma Physics Association; INFN Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare Roma 1951 5000 + Frascati LNF 800 + LNGS Laboratori Nazionali Gran Sasso L'Aquila 200 + Catania Sicilia + Legnaro Padova + Cyclotron Trento; ENEA Roma 1960 2500 + Frascati ENEA Centro Ricerche FTU Frascati Tokamak Upgrade + DTT Divertor Test Tokamak in costruzione 2030 + Brasimone Bologna nucleari + Casaccia Roma R&D fusione + Saluggia Vercelli + ENEAGRID Cresco-Cresco6 1.7 PetaFLOPS HPC; CNR-IFP Istituto Fisica Plasma Milano 1970 100 employees plasma research; CNR-INO Istituto Nazionale Ottica Firenze + Pisa 200 plasma diagnostics; SNS Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa 1810 600 students + Centro Piaggio Ricerca Bioingegneria Pisa Sapienza fisiologia; Politecnico Milano DEIB Dipartimento Elettronica Informazione Bioingegneria 1863 7500 + DENG Energia + DCMC Chimica Materiali + scuola Carlo Cercignani Boltzmann legacy 1939-2010 kinetic theory; Politecnico Torino DENERG 1859 5000 + DIATI;

Sapienza Roma DICMA + DIMA 1303 4000 students space propulsion electric ion thruster Mariano Andrenucci legacy + Hall thruster MPD magnetoplasmadynamic; Federico II Napoli DIETI 1224 5000; Bologna DEI + DIN 1088 4000; Padova DEI 1222 3000 + CISAS Centro Studi Attività Spaziali + Consorzio RFX; Pisa DESTeC + DICI 1343 2500; Politecnico Bari DEI 1990 2500; Trento DICAM 1962 + IFN-CNR Trento; Genova DICCA + DIBRIS 1481 2000 + IIT Italian Institute Technology 1700; Salerno DIIN 1968; Firenze DIEF 1321; Cagliari DIMCM 1606.

Italia ITER + DTT + breeder blanket: ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Cadarache St-Paul-lez-Durance France 13 ESA-EU-USA-Russia-China-India-Japan-Korea partnership 2025 first plasma + Italia 7-9% contribution + ENEA leading role + Consorzio RFX participation; DTT Divertor Test Tokamak ENEA Frascati 2030 design + 6.6 T toroidal field + R=2.19 m + minor radius 0.65 m + plasma current 5.5 MA; LIPAC Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator Italy France Spain partner; F4E Fusion for Energy Barcelona 350 EU partner ITER programme; HCLL Helium Cooled Lithium Lead breeder blanket Eurofer steel + WCLL Water Cooled Lithium Lead alternative; PbLi liquid lead-lithium tritium breeder Hartmann flow MHD effects RFX Padova testing.

Italia industria magneti + cryogenia + plasma: ASG Superconductors Genova 1959 600 employees superconducting magnets NbTi + Nb3Sn for accelerators + ITER + LHC CERN partner; Tratos Cavi Pieve Santo Stefano 800 cables + superconducting; SAES Getters Lainate Milano 1940 1700 vacuum + getters NEG ITER cryogenic; Saes Rial Vacuum; Ansaldo Energia Genova 1853 3000 turbine gas + steam + boilers + nuclear partner; Avio Aero Rivalta Torino 5000 GE Aviation aerospace + ITER components; Walter Tosto Chieti nuclear vessels + ITER vacuum vessel sectors; SIMIC Camerana Cuneo 200 ITER vacuum vessel + nuclear; OCEM Power Electronics Bologna 200 ITER power supply converters; Galileo Avionica Florence + Leonardo; D-Orbit Fino Mornasco Como 200 + Hall thruster orbital. Italia industria metallurgica + electromagnetic stirring: ArcelorMittal Italia Taranto + Genova 11000 + ILVA acciaio + electromagnetic stirring continuous casting; Marcegaglia Mantova 1958 7500 acciaio steel; Tenaris Dalmine Bergamo 27000 seamless steel pipes + steel furnace electromagnetic stirring; ABB Italia Milano + ASEA Brown Boveri subsidiary 4000 electromagnetic stirring + power systems + EAF electric arc furnace;

Danieli Buttrio Udine 1914 11000 steel making + EAF electric arc furnace + electromagnetic stirring + secondary metallurgy; Tenova Castellanza Varese SMS group steel making + EAF + electromagnetic stirring; Saimet Turbines Brescia + Sandvik Italia + Marcegaglia Specialties Mantova steel. Italia astrofisica + plasma solare: INAF Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica Roma 1999 1500 + Sardinia Radio Telescope SRT 64 m + Northern Cross Medicina BO 32 m + Noto Catania 32 m + Loiano Bologna optical 152 cm + Asiago Padova 1942 + Castel Gandolfo Vatican observatory + INAF Catania Mt Etna observatory; OAR Osservatorio Astronomico Roma; OATo Osservatorio Astronomico Torino; INAF Trieste + IFP-CNR Padova plasma research; SOHO Solar and Heliospheric Observatory NASA-ESA + STEREO Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory + Parker Solar Probe NASA 2018 + Solar Orbiter ESA 2020 Italy contribution Thales Alenia Space + ASI 250 Italian space agency. Italia ricerca dynamo geomagnetic + plasma diagnostics: INGV Istituto Nazionale Geofisica Vulcanologia Roma 1999 + L'Aquila + Catania + Pisa Sicilia + Bologna 1500 employees + INGV magnetic observatory L'Aquila Castello + Lampedusa + Antarctica + Earth dynamo research; INFN-RFX Padova Reverse Field Pinch + plasma diagnostics + Thomson scattering + interferometry + ECE electron cyclotron emission + reflectometry + spectroscopy.

Formula numero Hartmann

Definizione: Ha = B * L * sqrt(sigma / mu) rapporto adimensionale forze magnetiche/viscose. B Tesla; L m; sigma S/m conducibilità elettrica; mu Pa·s viscosità dinamica.

Hartmann layer: delta_H = L / Ha boundary layer dove forze viscose bilanciano forze magnetiche. Layer sottile per Ha grande (ITER blanket Ha~10000 → delta_H = 10 micron). Side layers parallel field delta_S = L / sqrt(Ha).

Significato fisico: Ha<>1 MHD plug flow Hartmann profile M-shape boundary layer thin. Lorentz force F_L = j x B dove j corrente indotta sigma*(u x B).

Pressure drop MHD: dP/L = (sigma*B^2) * (u + Ha*u_jh/L) flusso Hartmann. Pressure drop aumenta significativamente con Ha^2 high field strong electromagnetic braking.

Numeri correlati: Reynolds Re=rho*u*L/mu inerzia/viscosità; Stuart N = Ha^2/Re = sigma*B^2*L/(rho*u) magnetic interaction parameter; Lundquist S = u_alfven*L/eta resistive vs Alfven; Magnetic Reynolds Re_m = u*L/eta_m dove eta_m = 1/(mu_0*sigma) magnetic diffusivity; Alfven number Al = u/u_alfven; Elsasser Lambda = N/Re_m = sigma*B^2*L/(rho*u*Re_m).

Storia e contesto

Julius Hartmann (Copenhagen Danimarca 1881-1951) Universita Tecnica Copenhagen DTU 1903 ingegneria meccanica + Forsogsanstalt for fysik og kemi research labs Copenhagen + Universita Copenhagen physical research 1925-1951; ingegnere fisico danese pioneer aeroacoustics + magnetohydrodynamics MHD; 1937 paper Mathematisk-fysiske Meddelelser 15:6 'Theory of the laminar flow of an electrically conducting liquid in a homogeneous magnetic field' Royal Danish Academy Sciences 39 pages + companion paper 1937 'Experimental investigations on the flow of mercury in a homogeneous magnetic field' 33 pages classic textbook MHD pioneer; mercury liquid metal MHD pipe flow experiments + theoretical analysis + Hartmann profile flat M-shape + Hartmann boundary layer + numero Hartmann eponym; 1922 Hartmann oscillator aeroacoustics whistle siren high-power supersonic ultrasonic generator + Hartmann sonifier; 1939 Hartmann hammer mill grinding mill design. Eredita: Cowling 1957 'Magnetohydrodynamics' + Roberts 1967 'An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics' + Moreau 1990 'Magnetohydrodynamics' Kluwer + Davidson 2001 'An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics' Cambridge classic textbook MHD reference.

Italia ricerca MHD + plasma + fusione: RFX Consorzio Reverse Field Experiment Padova 1984 fondato 200 employees fusion research consortium INFN-CNR-ENEA-Universita Padova + tokamak RFX-mod 130 kA + RFP Reverse Field Pinch + 1.5 m radius torus + ITPA Italian Plasma Physics Association + plasma diagnostics + Thomson scattering + ECE electron cyclotron emission + reflectometry + interferometry + spectroscopy + magnetic feedback control + dynamic mode RFX-mod2 upgrade 2024 + ICRF Ion Cyclotron Range Frequencies + ECRH Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating; INFN Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare Roma 1951 5000 employees + Frascati LNF Laboratori Nazionali Frascati 800 DAFNE collider electron-positron 510 MeV + KLOE-2 detector + SPARC_LAB seeded plasma accelerator + EuPRAXIA plasma + LNGS Laboratori Nazionali Gran Sasso L'Aquila 200 employees + Catania Sicilia + Legnaro Padova ALPI + Cyclotron Trento; ENEA Agenzia Nazionale Nuove Tecnologie Energia Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile Roma EUR 1960 fondata 2500 employees + Frascati ENEA Centro Ricerche FTU Frascati Tokamak Upgrade tokamak + DTT Divertor Test Tokamak in costruzione 2030 design 6.6 T toroidal field + R=2.19 m + minor radius 0.65 m + plasma current 5.5 MA + Brasimone Bologna nucleari + Casaccia Roma R&D fusione + Saluggia Vercelli + ENEAGRID Cresco-Cresco6 1.7 PetaFLOPS HPC; CNR-IFP Istituto Fisica Plasma Milano 1970 100 employees plasma research;

CNR-INO Istituto Nazionale Ottica Firenze + Pisa 200 plasma diagnostics; SNS Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa 1810 600 students; Politecnico Milano DEIB + DENG + DCMC + scuola Carlo Cercignani Boltzmann legacy kinetic theory mathematical 1939-2010 7500 students; Politecnico Torino DENERG + DIATI 1859 5000 students; Sapienza Roma DICMA + DIMA 1303 4000 students space propulsion electric ion thruster Mariano Andrenucci legacy + Hall thruster MPD magnetoplasmadynamic + arcjet + ICRH ion cyclotron resonance heating; Federico II Napoli DIETI + DII 1224 5000; Bologna DEI + DIN 1088 4000; Padova DEI + DII 1222 3000 + CISAS Centro Studi Attività Spaziali + Consorzio RFX participation + Reverse Field Pinch + tokamak research; Pisa DESTeC + DICI 1343 2500 + SNS Pisa 1810 600 + Centro Piaggio Ricerca Bioingegneria Pisa Sapienza fisiologia; Politecnico Bari DEI 1990 2500; Trento DICAM 1962 + IFN-CNR Trento; Genova DICCA + DIBRIS 1481 2000 + IIT 1700; Salerno DIIN 1968; Firenze DIEF 1321; Cagliari DIMCM 1606. Italia ITER + DTT + breeder blanket Hartmann flow: ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Cadarache St-Paul-lez-Durance France 13 ESA-EU-USA-Russia-China-India-Japan-Korea partnership; Italia 7-9% contribution + ENEA leading role + Consorzio RFX participation; DTT Divertor Test Tokamak ENEA Frascati 2030 design 6.6 T toroidal field; LIPAC Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator Italy France Spain partner Rokkasho Japan IFMIF-DONES;

F4E Fusion for Energy Barcelona 350 EU partner ITER programme; HCLL Helium Cooled Lithium Lead breeder blanket Eurofer steel + WCLL Water Cooled Lithium Lead alternative + DCLL Dual-Cooled Lithium Lead testing tritium breeding ratio TBR; PbLi liquid lead-lithium tritium breeder Hartmann flow MHD effects + Magnetic Insertion Loss MIL pressure drop high Ha~10^4-10^5 ITER blanket coolant magnetic insertion 4-12 T toroidal field; CIEMAT Spain partner + KIT Karlsruhe partner + Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe FZK partner + ENEA Frascati partner. Italia industria magneti + cryogenia + plasma: ASG Superconductors Genova 1959 fondata 600 employees superconducting magnets NbTi + Nb3Sn for accelerators + ITER toroidal field coils TF + poloidal field coils PF + LHC CERN partner; Tratos Cavi Pieve Santo Stefano Arezzo 800 cables + superconducting + ITER cabling; SAES Getters Lainate Milano 1940 fondata 1700 vacuum + getters NEG ITER cryogenic + accelerator pumps; Ansaldo Energia Genova 1853 fondata 3000 turbine gas + steam + boilers + nuclear AP1000 + EPR + ITER partner; Avio Aero Rivalta Torino 5000 GE Aviation aerospace + ITER components; Walter Tosto Chieti pressure vessels + ITER vacuum vessel sectors fabrication; SIMIC Camerana Cuneo 200 ITER vacuum vessel + nuclear pressure vessels; OCEM Power Electronics Bologna 200 ITER power supply converters; Galileo Avionica Florence + Leonardo space subsidiary; D-Orbit Fino Mornasco Como 200 + Hall thruster orbital transfer;

Avio Colleferro Roma 1908 5000 propulsion Vega launcher; ENEA Frascati Centro Brasimone Bologna nucleari + Casaccia Roma R&D fusione. Italia industria metallurgica + electromagnetic stirring + EAF: ArcelorMittal Italia Taranto + Genova 11000 + ILVA acciaio + electromagnetic stirring continuous casting; Marcegaglia Mantova 1958 7500 acciaio steel; Tenaris Dalmine Bergamo 27000 seamless steel pipes + steel furnace electromagnetic stirring; ABB Italia Milano + ASEA Brown Boveri subsidiary 4000 electromagnetic stirring + power systems + EAF electric arc furnace; Danieli Buttrio Udine 1914 11000 steel making + EAF electric arc furnace + electromagnetic stirring + secondary metallurgy + continuous casting machines; Tenova Castellanza Varese SMS group steel making + EAF + electromagnetic stirring + EBT eccentric bottom tapping; Saimet Turbines Brescia + Sandvik Italia + Marcegaglia Specialties Mantova steel + tubes; FERRIERA Valsider Vicenza + Acciaierie Bertoli Safau Udine + Acciaierie Beltrame Vicenza + Riva Group steel making + Riva Acciaio Genova; Outokumpu Italia subsidiary stainless steel + electromagnetic stirring; Aperam Genova subsidiary stainless steel + electromagnetic stirring continuous casting.

Italia astrofisica + plasma solare + dynamo: INAF Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica Roma 1999 1500 employees + Sardinia Radio Telescope SRT 64 m + Northern Cross Medicina BO 32 m + Noto Catania 32 m + Loiano Bologna optical 152 cm + Asiago Padova 1942 + Castel Gandolfo Vatican observatory + INAF Catania Mt Etna observatory; OAR Osservatorio Astronomico Roma + OATo Osservatorio Astronomico Torino; INAF Trieste + IFP-CNR Padova + INAF Cagliari Sardinia SRT; SOHO Solar and Heliospheric Observatory NASA-ESA 1995 + STEREO Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory + Parker Solar Probe NASA 2018 + Solar Orbiter ESA 2020 Italy contribution Thales Alenia Space + ASI 250 Italian space agency; INGV Istituto Nazionale Geofisica Vulcanologia Roma 1999 + L'Aquila + Catania + Pisa Sicilia + Bologna 1500 employees + INGV magnetic observatory L'Aquila Castello + Lampedusa + Antarctica + Earth dynamo research geomagnetic field + Italian National Magnetic Observatories network.

Tabella valori Hartmann

• Ha = B * L * sqrt(sigma/mu): definizione
• delta_H = L / Ha: Hartmann layer
• delta_S = L / sqrt(Ha): side layers
• N = Ha^2/Re: Stuart magnetic interaction
• Re_m = u*L*sigma*mu_0: magnetic Reynolds
• Ha<1 negligible: hydrodynamic no MHD
• 1<Ha<10 weak: small perturbation
• 10<Ha<100 moderate: significant BL
• 100<Ha<1000 strong: Hartmann flat M-shape
• Ha>1000 ideal MHD: plug flow thin BL
• Mercurio sigma 1.04e6 S/m
• Acciaio fuso sigma 7e5 S/m
• PbLi liquido sigma 7.5e5 S/m
• Sodio liquido sigma 1e7 S/m
• Rame liquido sigma 6e6 S/m
• Sangue sigma 0.5 S/m
• Acqua mare sigma 5 S/m
• Plasma fusione 1e4-1e6 S/m
• Hartmann 1937 Math Fys 15:6: Copenhagen
• Hartmann 1922 oscillator: aeroacoustics
• Cowling 1957 MHD: classic textbook
• Davidson 2001 Cambridge: MHD textbook
• ITER Cadarache 2025: 13 ESA-EU partner
• Italia 7-9% ITER + ENEA leading
• Italia DTT Frascati 2030: 6.6 T tokamak
• Italia RFX Padova 1984: 200 RFP fusion
• Italia ENEA Frascati FTU: tokamak upgrade
• Italia INFN Roma 1951: 5000 + Frascati 800
• Italia ASG Superconductors Genova: 600 NbTi Nb3Sn ITER
• Italia Walter Tosto Chieti: ITER vacuum vessel
• Italia Danieli Buttrio: 11000 EAF EMS continuous casting

Esempi numerici dettagliati

Esempio 1 - Mercurio laboratorio Hartmann classic. B=0.5 T, L=0.01 m, sigma=1.04e6 S/m mercurio, mu=1.5e-3 Pa·s. Ha = 0.5*0.01*sqrt(1.04e6/1.5e-3) = 131.6. Strong regime Hartmann flow profile flat M-shape. Italia: laboratorio Politecnico Milano DEIB + INFN Frascati LNF + RFX Padova plasma research.

Esempio 2 - ITER breeder blanket PbLi. B=5 T toroidal field reactor, L=0.1 m channel, sigma=7.5e5 S/m PbLi liquid lead-lithium, mu=1.5e-3. Ha = 5*0.1*sqrt(7.5e5/1.5e-3) = 11180. Very strong ideal MHD plug flow Hartmann layer thin delta_H = 9 micron. Italia: ENEA Frascati DTT Divertor Test Tokamak + Consorzio RFX Padova + ITER 7-9% Italia partnership + ASG Superconductors Genova + Walter Tosto Chieti.

Esempio 3 - Seawater MHD generator. B=1 T, L=0.5 m channel, sigma=5 S/m sea water salty, mu=1e-3 Pa·s. Ha = 1*0.5*sqrt(5/1e-3) = 35.4. Moderate regime Hartmann boundary layer significant. Italia: CNR-INM Roma INSEAN + Genova marine MHD generator research.

Esempio 4 - Solar plasma corona. B=1 mT (1e-3 T), L=1e6 m (1000 km), sigma=1e6 S/m plasma, mu=1e-7 Pa·s rarefied plasma. Ha = 1e-3*1e6*sqrt(1e6/1e-7) = 1e9. Extreme MHD ideal solar plasma astrophysics. Italia: INAF Roma 1500 + INAF Catania Mt Etna + Solar Orbiter ESA 2020 Thales Alenia Space + ASI 250.

Esempio 5 - Steel furnace electromagnetic stirring EMS. B=0.1 T, L=0.5 m casting tundish, sigma=7e5 S/m acciaio fuso, mu=5e-3 Pa·s viscosità acciaio liquido 1500°C. Ha = 0.1*0.5*sqrt(7e5/5e-3) = 187. Strong Hartmann regime. Italia: Danieli Buttrio Udine 1914 11000 EAF + electromagnetic stirring continuous casting + Tenova Castellanza + ABB Italia 4000 EMS + Marcegaglia 7500 + Tenaris Dalmine 27000 + ArcelorMittal Italia Taranto 11000.

Limiti e considerazioni

1. Newtonian fluid: viscosità costante. Plasma viscosità anisotropica + tensoriale; sangue non-Newtoniano shear-thinning.
2. Conducibilità assunta isotropa: plasma + ferromagnetic anisotropic conductivity tensor. Hall effect parameter omega_c*tau important Ha+Hall.
3. Steady-state assunto: high frequency EM oscillating + Alfven wave + tearing mode instabilities + sausage mode.
4. Compressibility: high Mach + plasma compressible MHD vs incompressible. Magnetosonic waves.
5. Turbulence MHD: above Ha critical 2D/3D turbulence anisotropic. Stuart number N + Re relevant.
6. Magnetic Reynolds Re_m: low Re_m frozen-in flux limit; high Re_m advection magnetic field; intermediate diffusion + advection.
7. Hall MHD: ion vs electron drift velocity differs; whistler waves; magnetic reconnection.
8. Two-phase MHD: bubble dynamics + droplet + multi-component liquid metal.
9. Wall conductivity: insulating walls (idealized) vs conducting walls (modify pressure drop). Ha-dependent.
10. Ideal MHD vs resistive: eta resistivity finite vs zero resistivity.

Errori comuni

Confondere Ha con Stuart N: Ha = B*L*sqrt(sigma/mu) magnetic/viscous; N = Ha^2/Re magnetic interaction parameter.

Sigma units S/m: 1 S/m = 1 (Ohm·m)^-1. Mercurio 1e6 S/m; rame 6e7 S/m; ferro 1e7 S/m. Errore confondere mho/m.

Conducibilità anisotropica plasma: campo parallel sigma_par = sigma_0; perpendicular sigma_perp = sigma_0/(1+(omega_c*tau)^2). Hall effect modifies Ha.

Ferromagnetic non-linear: B field varia non-linearly con H + permeability magnetica saturazione + isteresi ciclica.

Self-field Re_m>>1: induced magnetic field comparable applied. Ha base ratio breaks; Re_m advection contributes.

Applicazioni pratiche

1. ITER fusion + breeder blanket: Italia ITER 7-9% + ENEA leading + Consorzio RFX Padova 200 + DTT Frascati 2030 + ASG Superconductors Genova 600 NbTi Nb3Sn TF PF coils + Walter Tosto Chieti vacuum vessel.
2. Tokamak fusion research: ENEA Frascati FTU Frascati Tokamak Upgrade + DTT Divertor Test Tokamak design 2030 + RFX-mod2 Padova upgrade 2024 + JT-60SA Japan Italy Europe partner.
3. Liquid metal cooling nuclear: ENEA Brasimone + ALFRED Lead-cooled Fast Reactor Pisa Universita + GEN-IV Generation IV International Forum + ALLEGRO gas cooled.
4. Electromagnetic stirring metallurgia: Danieli Buttrio 11000 + Tenova Castellanza + ABB Italia 4000 + ArcelorMittal Taranto 11000 + Marcegaglia 7500 + Tenaris Dalmine 27000 EAF EMS continuous casting.
5. Astrophysics solar plasma + dynamo: INAF Roma 1500 + Sardinia Radio Telescope 64 m + Mt Etna Catania + Solar Orbiter ESA 2020 + INGV Roma 1500 + Italian magnetic observatories L'Aquila Lampedusa Antarctica geomagnetic.
6. Plasma propulsion + Hall thrusters: Sapienza Roma DIMA Mariano Andrenucci legacy + SITAEL Mola di Bari 600 Hall thruster + ASI Roma 250 + ESA + Avio Colleferro 5000.
7. MHD generators + power conversion: ricerca Politecnico Milano DEIB DENG + Politecnico Torino DENERG + ENEA Frascati + Sapienza DIMA + IFP-CNR Padova 100.
8. Aluminium + magnesium electrolysis: ArcelorMittal Italia + Marcegaglia + ABB Italia + electromagnetic stirring smelting cell.
9. Nuclear reactor cooling sodium fast: ENEA Brasimone + ALFRED Lead-cooled Fast Reactor + Italian Generation IV partnership.
10. Universita ricerca MHD plasma: Politecnico Milano DEIB + DENG + DCMC + LCM 7500 + Politecnico Torino DENERG 5000 + Sapienza Roma DICMA + DIMA + DIET 4000 + Federico II Napoli DIETI 5000 + Padova DEI CISAS Consorzio RFX 3000 + Pisa SNS DESTeC 2500 + Bologna DEI 4000 + IIT Genova 1700.

Aggiornato a luglio 2026