Twin primes calculator: check (p, p+2) pairs, enumerate up to N, Brun constant B_2 and Hardy-Littlewood asymptotic wi...
Perfect numbers calculator: check n, proper divisors, aliquot sum, Euclid-Euler theorem, Mersenne primes and Catalan-...
Collatz conjecture 3n+1 calculator: full trajectory, total stopping time, peak value, range analysis [1, N] and compr...
Partition function calculator p(n): exact Euler pentagonal recurrence, distinct parts q(n), k-part partitions and asy...
Knapsack 0/1, fractional and bounded calculator: dynamic programming, greedy, value/weight efficiency comparison, FPT...
Huffman coding calculator: binary tree, codebook, average length, Shannon entropy, efficiency, ASCII compression rati...
Extended Euclidean algorithm: computes gcd(a,b) with Bezout coefficients ax+by=g. Modular inverse a^(-1) mod n, Dioph...
Generate Pascal's triangle with binomial coefficients, Pascal's identity check, row sums 2^n, Fibonacci diagonals, an...
Solve triangles with the law of cosines: SSS to find angles, SAS to find the third side. Classify acute/right/obtuse ...
Solve triangles with the law of sines: ASA, AAS, SSA (ambiguous case) and from circumradius R. Computes sides, angles...
Compute the coefficient of restitution from velocities or bounce heights. Bounce series analysis, kinetic-energy loss...
Compute the area of a triangle with 4 methods: Heron's formula, base路height, SAS two sides and included angle, and ve...